OPERATING SYSTEM

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 UNIT 1:

Introduction: Concept of Operating Systems, Generations of Operating systems, Types of Operating Systems, OS Services. 


Processes: Definition, Process Relationship, Different states of a Process, Process State transitions, Process Control Block (PCB), Context switching. Thread: Definition, Various states, Benefits of threads, Types of threads, Multi-threading.


Process Scheduling: Foundation and Scheduling objectives, Types of Schedulers, Scheduling 

criteria: CPU utilization, Throughput, Turnaround Time, Waiting Time, Response Time; Scheduling algorithms: Pre-emptive and Non-pre-emptive, FCFS, SJF, SRTF, RR Scheduling.


UNIT 2:


Inter-process Communication:  Critical Section, Race Conditions, Mutual Exclusion, The Producer\ Consumer Problem, Semaphores, Event Counters, Monitors, Message Passing, Classical IPC Problems: Reader’s & Writer Problem, Dinning Philosopher Problem etc.


Deadlocks: Definition, Necessary and sufficient conditions for Deadlock, Deadlock Prevention, and Deadlock Avoidance: Banker’s algorithm, Deadlock detection and Recovery.


UNIT 3:


Memory Management: Basic concept, Logical and Physical address map, Memory allocation:  Contiguous Memory allocation – Fixed and variable partition–Internal and External fragmentation and Compaction; Paging: Principle of operation – Page allocation – Hardware support for paging, Protection and sharing, Disadvantages of paging.


Virtual Memory: Basics of Virtual Memory – Hardware and control structures –Locality of reference, Page fault, Working Set, Dirty page/Dirty bit – Demand paging, Page Replacement algorithms: Optimal, First in First Out (FIFO), Optimal Page Replacement and Least Recently used (LRU).


UNIT 4:


File Management: Concept of File, Access methods, File types, File operation, Directory structure, File System structure, Allocation methods (contiguous, linked, indexed), efficiency and performance.


Disk Management: Disk structure, Disk scheduling - FCFS, SSTF, SCAN, C-SCAN, Disk reliability, Disk formatting, Boot-block, Bad blocks. Case study on UNIX and WINDOWS Operating System.

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